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The Albanian Republic () was the official name of Albania as enshrined in the Constitution of 1925. Albania became a ''de facto'' protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy after the signing of the Treaties of Tirana of 1926 and 1927.〔Aristotle A. Kallis. ''Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945''. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 132.〕〔Zara S. Steiner. ''The lights that failed: European international history, 1919-1933''. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. 499.〕〔Roy Palmer Domenico. ''Remaking Italy in the twentieth century''. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002. Pp. 74.〕 Albania was later declared a constitutional monarchy in 1928. Upon its inception, Italy demanded to be allies with the republic. This was done largely to increase Italy's influence in the Balkans, and aid Italian and Albanian security against Greece and Yugoslavia, with which both countries had territorial feuds. == History == After defeating Fan Noli's government, Ahmet Zogu recalled the parliament, in order to find a solution for the uncrowned principality of Albania. The parliament quickly adopted a new constitution, proclaimed Albania a republic, and granted Zogu dictatorial powers that allowed him to appoint and dismiss ministers, veto legislation, name all major administrative personnel, and choose a third of the Senate. The new constitution provided for a parliamentary republic with a powerful president serving as head of state and government. On January 31, 1925, Ahmet Zogu was elected president for a term of seven years by the National Assembly, prior to his proclamation as King of Albanians. He ruled Albania using four military governors and appointed clan chieftains as reserve army officers who were kept on call to protect the regime against domestic or foreign threats. He also maintained good relations with Benito Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy and supported Italy's foreign policy. The Zog regime was said to be responsible for the disappearance of opposition parties and civil liberties. The press also suffered strict censorship during the regime. In early 1925, a series of reforms focused on the economy were initiated, but results were mixed. Some of the reforms were organizing private initiatives in industry, construction and transportation. That same year, the first coin of Albania (Albanian Gold Franga) was minted. Foreign capital was introduced, as a part of official policy of the government of Zog I, but the aim of his regime was actually to strengthen personal power, and to enrich his supporters. The foreign capital, loans and other forms, was used as a tool to provide income for the regime, which was later used for overcoming economic crises. 14 new societies were created at about this time, with an initial capital of 7.6 million gold francs, about 28% more than the capital of the societies in the period 1921-1924. In 1928, the number of enterprises reached 127, and domestic capital was 6 times greater than in 1927, while the economy began to stabilise. In 1925, the Albanian National Bank was created, and was awarded concessions to Italian investors. The Albanian state had a 49% share of the bank, while Italy had a 51% share. Under these conditions Italy gained a stronger position in Albania. During the 1925-1928 period, the Albanian government also significantly increased its costs. In 1925, the SVEA society (Society for the Economic Development of Albania) was established, helping to facilitate a loan to Albania worth 50 million gold francs. In 1927, the loan was estimated at 65 million gold francs. Annual interest for this 40-year loan was 7.5%. Repayment amounts consisted of 30-40% of the entire country's income. In 1925, agreements between Albanian financial agencies (such as SVEA) and Italian financial groups, financed 96.4% of the road building projects in Albania. These loans were not exclusively for the country's immediate economic needs, but to create conditions for further penetration of foreign capital into the country. Government departmental responsibilities were also shuffled to increase road-building. In 1928, fiefdoms occupied an area of 200,000 hectares (100,000 were private fiefdoms). Berat was the city with the largest amount of fiefdoms, with about 36,000. Infrastructure was poorly maintained during this period. Roads could only carry lighter vehicles, while poorly maintained bridges hampered car transport. Maritime transport was primarily conducted by foreign companies. Mail air transport was operated by Italians. Trade was the largest area of the economy, and during this time circulation of goods grew. Raw materials and livestock were the main exports. Many Italian, English, French and American companies began to do business in the Albanian market, and they were helped by trade agreements or through direct investment. Italy's position was further strengthened by the Maritime Trade Treaty, which gave the state the status of "most favored nation". This legalized the Italian monopoly on foreign trade. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albanian Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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